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Microscopic Examination
Intro / Planning
Comprehensive Guide to Structural Surveying for Concrete Structures
How to plan a Structural Survey for a Concrete Structure
How to carry out a visual inspections of concrete structures
Visible Defects
Bug Holes
Structural Cracks
Early Age Cracks
Corrosion cracks
Expansive cracks
Deflection
Discolouration
Efflorescence
Element translation or rotation
Eroded concrete
Honeycombing
Inorganic, organic and biological contamination
Pop outs
Scaling
Spalling
Steel fracture
Steel loss
Deterioration Mechanism
Chemical and biological
Acid attack
Alkali aggregate reaction
Biological deterioration
Carbonation
Chloride contamination
Reinforcement corrosion
External Sulphate attack
Internal Sulphate attack
Physical
Aliasion / erosion
Creep
Freeze thaw
Concrete Leaching
Concrete Shrinkage
Thermal Cracking Of Concrete
Fire Damage In Concrete
Testing
Non Destructive Test Methods
Mechanical
Pull off test
Pull out test
Rebound hammer
Acoustic
Acoustic emission
Impact echo
Pulse echo
Seismic tomography transmission
Surface waves
Ultrasonic velocity transmission (UVT)
Electrical and Electromagnetic
Capacitive measure
Corrosion rate
Cover depth (cover meter)
Electrical resistivity
Ground Penetrating radar (GPR)
Half-cell potential
Visual and Dimensional
Crack Index
Crack Monitoring
Transport properties
Air permeability
Chloride ion migration test
Water permeability
Destructive Test Methods
Sampling
Mechanical
Compressive strength
Modulus of elasticity
Tensile strength
Transport properties
Carbonation depth
Capillary absorption
Chloride profile
Non-steady state chloride migration coefficient
Permeability coefficient
Water porosity
Chemical properties
Water soluble alkali content
Portlandite content
Sulphate content
Residual reactivity to internal alkalis
Residual reactivity to internal sulphates
Microscopic examination
Concrete petrography
SEM microscopy
Repair
Surface Preparation
Concrete cleaning
Concrete removal
Repair Methods
Cathodic protection
Chloride extraction
Concrete coating
Concrete impregnation
Concrete injection
Concrete replacement
Corrosion inhibiters
External post tensioning
Externally Bonded FRP
Hydrophobic impregnation
Re-alkalisation
Steel plate strengthening
Microscopic Examination
SEM of concrete
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